Some people believe that parents should be held legally responsible for their children’s misbehavior. Do you agree or disagree?

 

IELTS Writing Task 2 – Should Parents Be Legally Responsible for Their Children’s Misbehavior?

📝 Ideas with Explanation

✅ Arguments in Favor of Holding Parents Legally Responsible

1️⃣ Parents Shape a Child’s Behavior & Values – Children’s moral development is influenced by their upbringing. If parents fail to teach discipline, they should be held accountable.
🔹 Example: Studies show that children who grow up in neglectful households are more likely to engage in criminal activities.

2️⃣ Encourages Better Parenting – Legal accountability forces parents to monitor and guide their children’s actions, preventing delinquent behavior.
🔹 Example: In some countries, parents of repeat juvenile offenders must attend parenting programs to improve child supervision.

3️⃣ Reduces Juvenile Crime – Stricter parental laws can prevent young individuals from engaging in illegal activities.
🔹 Example: In Singapore, parents can face legal consequences if their children repeatedly commit offenses, leading to lower youth crime rates.

4️⃣ Prepares Children for Adulthood – Parents instilling responsibility and ethical values in children help them become law-abiding citizens.
🔹 Example: Children raised with strong moral guidance are less likely to engage in substance abuse or violent behavior.

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✅ Arguments Against Holding Parents Legally Responsible

1️⃣ Children Have Individual Free Will – Parents cannot control every action of their children, especially when they reach adolescence and become independent decision-makers.
🔹 Example: Teenagers influenced by peer pressure may engage in misconduct despite having responsible parents.

2️⃣ Unfair to Parents Who Try Their Best – Some children misbehave despite being raised in a disciplined and caring household, making it unjust to punish parents.
🔹 Example: Many well-raised children still commit crimes due to external influences such as media and social circles.

3️⃣ Government & Schools Also Play a Role – Society as a whole, including education systems and law enforcement, contributes to shaping children’s behavior.
🔹 Example: Schools implementing strict disciplinary measures have successfully reduced student misconduct without parental involvement.

4️⃣ Legal Responsibility Could Lead to Unnecessary Punishments – Some parents may suffer unfair legal penalties for actions beyond their control.
🔹 Example: Holding parents accountable for a child’s minor mistake, such as skipping school once, would be excessive.

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📌 Sample Answer

Introduction (Paraphrased Using Passive Voice):

It can be observed that some people believe parents should be legally responsible for their children’s misbehavior, as they play a crucial role in shaping their values and actions. However, others argue that children’s actions are influenced by various external factors, making parental accountability unreasonable. This essay will discuss both perspectives before presenting my opinion.

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Body Paragraph 1 – Why Parents Should Be Held Responsible

Commencing with the argument in favor of parental accountability, a child’s behavior is primarily shaped by their upbringing. Parents are responsible for instilling moral values and discipline, and if they neglect this duty, their children may develop harmful behaviors. For example, research indicates that children raised in households lacking proper supervision are more likely to engage in criminal activities. Moreover, enforcing legal responsibility ensures that parents take an active role in monitoring their children’s actions, reducing juvenile delinquency. Thus, holding parents accountable may lead to a more disciplined and law-abiding society.

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Body Paragraph 2 – Why Parents Should Not Be Legally Responsible

On the other hand, blaming parents for their children’s misbehavior is not always justified. Children, particularly teenagers, develop their own personalities and are influenced by peers, media, and societal factors. For instance, many well-disciplined children from responsible families still engage in rebellious behavior due to external influences. Additionally, the role of schools and communities in guiding children should not be overlooked. Therefore, while parents have a duty to nurture their children, making them legally accountable for every misdeed may be excessive and unjust.

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Conclusion:

To conclude, although parents play a significant role in shaping their children’s behavior, holding them legally responsible for every misdeed is not a practical solution. In my opinion, while parents should be encouraged to instill discipline, legal accountability should be limited to extreme cases of parental neglect or failure. Therefore, a balanced approach, involving families, schools, and social institutions, is the most effective way to ensure responsible child upbringing.

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📌 Vocabulary for a High Band Score (7.5+)

✅ Parental Responsibility & Law Vocabulary:

• Juvenile delinquency
• Legal accountability
• Moral development
• Disciplinary measures
• External influences
• Ethical values

✅ Advanced Linkers & Phrases:

• Commencing with the argument in favor of…
• On the other hand, blaming parents for…
• A clear example of this is…
• Thus, holding parents accountable may lead to…
• To conclude, although parents play a significant role…

Some people believe that advertisements encourage unnecessary spending, while others say they provide useful information. Discuss both views and give your opinion.

 

IELTS Writing Task 2 – Do Advertisements Encourage Unnecessary Spending or Provide Useful Information?

📝 Ideas with Explanation

✅ Arguments in Favor of Advertisements Encouraging Unnecessary Spending

1️⃣ Creates Artificial Needs & Impulse Buying – Advertisements often persuade people to buy things they do not actually need.
🔹 Example: Many consumers purchase the latest smartphone models every year, even if their current device works perfectly.

2️⃣ Manipulative Marketing Tactics – Companies use emotional appeals, celebrity endorsements, and limited-time offers to convince people to spend money.
🔹 Example: Fast fashion brands use advertisements to promote frequent shopping, leading to excessive consumerism.

3️⃣ Encourages Debt & Financial Burden – Many people fall into financial trouble by purchasing expensive items on credit due to persuasive advertising.
🔹 Example: Luxury brands use advertising to promote status symbols, making individuals spend beyond their means.

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✅ Arguments in Favor of Advertisements Providing Useful Information

1️⃣ Helps Consumers Make Informed Decisions – Advertisements provide details about new products, features, and pricing, helping customers compare options.
🔹 Example: Online ads allow buyers to compare specifications and prices of electronic gadgets before making a purchase.

2️⃣ Supports Businesses & Economic Growth – Companies rely on advertising to attract customers, increasing sales and contributing to job creation.
🔹 Example: Small businesses use social media ads to reach wider audiences, boosting their growth.

3️⃣ Raises Awareness About Important Products & Services – Advertisements inform the public about healthcare, insurance, education, and essential services.
🔹 Example: Government ads promote health campaigns, such as COVID-19 vaccination drives, to protect public health.

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📌 Sample Answer

Introduction (Paraphrased Using Passive Voice):

It can be observed that advertisements are considered by some to encourage unnecessary spending, while others believe they provide valuable information to consumers. While advertising often persuades individuals to make impulsive purchases, it also plays a crucial role in informing the public about products and services. This essay will discuss both perspectives before presenting my opinion.

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Body Paragraph 1 – How Advertisements Lead to Unnecessary Spending

Commencing with the argument that advertising promotes unnecessary spending, many marketing strategies are designed to persuade consumers into purchasing items they do not actually need. Companies use psychological tactics such as celebrity endorsements and limited-time offers to create a sense of urgency. For example, many people upgrade their smartphones annually due to aggressive marketing, even when their current device is fully functional. Moreover, advertisements often promote luxury products as status symbols, leading individuals to spend beyond their financial capacity. Thus, excessive exposure to advertising can result in impulsive spending and financial strain.

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Body Paragraph 2 – How Advertisements Provide Useful Information

On the other hand, advertisements play an essential role in helping consumers make informed purchasing decisions. Businesses provide detailed information about their products, allowing customers to compare options and choose the best value for money. For instance, online advertisements enable buyers to compare smartphone specifications, ensuring they select the most suitable device. Additionally, advertising benefits society by promoting awareness of essential services such as healthcare and education. Therefore, advertisements are not solely manipulative but also serve as an effective tool for spreading valuable information.

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Conclusion:

To conclude, while advertisements sometimes encourage unnecessary spending through persuasive techniques, they also provide crucial information that helps consumers make better choices. In my opinion, advertisements are beneficial if consumers approach them with awareness and financial discipline. Therefore, rather than banning advertisements, educating people about smart spending habits would be a more effective solution.

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📌 Vocabulary for a High Band Score (7.5+)

✅ Advertising & Consumerism Vocabulary:

• Impulse buying
• Psychological marketing tactics
• Consumer awareness
• Persuasive techniques
• Financial discipline
• Market comparison

✅ Advanced Linkers & Phrases:

• Commencing with the argument that…
• On the other hand, advertisements play an essential role in…
• A clear example of this is…
• Thus, excessive exposure to advertising can result in…
• To conclude, while advertisements sometimes encourage unnecessary spending…

Some people think that governments should spend more money on public services rather than on space exploration. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

 

IELTS Writing Task 2 – Public Services vs. Space Exploration

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📝 Ideas with Explanation

✅ Arguments in Favor of Funding Public Services (Why It Is More Important)

1️⃣ Addresses Immediate Societal Needs – Public services such as healthcare, education, and infrastructure directly improve people’s quality of life.
🔹 Example: Investing in hospitals ensures better healthcare access, reducing mortality rates.

2️⃣ Reduces Poverty & Economic Inequality – Government spending on welfare programs, housing, and employment benefits low-income populations.
🔹 Example: Scandinavian countries focus on social welfare, leading to higher living standards and economic equality.

3️⃣ Enhances National Development – A strong education system and efficient public transport boost economic growth and social stability.
🔹 Example: Countries like Japan and Germany prioritize public services, resulting in strong economies and high living standards.

4️⃣ Space Exploration Yields No Immediate Benefits – The results of space research are long-term, whereas public services offer immediate improvements to daily life.
🔹 Example: Billions of dollars spent on Mars missions could be used to fight hunger and homelessness.

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✅ Arguments in Favor of Space Exploration (Why It Is Necessary)

1️⃣ Scientific & Technological Advancements – Space research leads to innovations that benefit multiple industries, including healthcare and communication.
🔹 Example: GPS, satellite communication, and MRI technology were developed through space programs.

2️⃣ Potential for New Resources & Colonization – Exploring space may help discover new energy sources and habitable planets, solving Earth’s resource crisis.
🔹 Example: Research on Mars aims to find water and minerals that could support human life.

3️⃣ Boosts National Prestige & Economic Growth – Countries investing in space programs gain global recognition and technological leadership.
🔹 Example: The U.S. space industry generates billions of dollars and creates high-tech jobs.

4️⃣ Helps in Environmental Protection – Satellites monitor climate change, natural disasters, and pollution levels, aiding environmental conservation.
🔹 Example: NASA’s Earth-observing satellites track global warming trends and weather patterns.

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📌 Sample Answer

Introduction (Paraphrased Using Passive Voice):

It can be observed that prioritizing government spending on public services rather than space exploration is considered by some to be a more effective allocation of resources. While space research leads to technological progress, others argue that addressing immediate societal needs should take precedence. This essay will discuss both perspectives before presenting my opinion.

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Body Paragraph 1 – Why Public Services Should Be Prioritized

Commencing with the argument in favor of investing in public services, essential sectors such as healthcare, education, and infrastructure directly impact citizens' well-being. Government funding in these areas ensures economic growth and improved living conditions. For example, Scandinavian countries allocate significant budgets to public services, resulting in better healthcare and education systems. Moreover, spending on welfare programs reduces economic disparity and helps marginalized communities. Thus, investing in public services fosters a more stable and prosperous society.

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Body Paragraph 2 – Why Space Exploration Is Still Valuable

On the other hand, space exploration plays a crucial role in scientific and technological progress. Many innovations, such as satellite communication and medical imaging, have emerged from space research. For instance, GPS technology, which is now essential for navigation, was developed through space programs. Additionally, studying outer space may provide solutions to Earth's resource shortages, such as finding alternative energy sources or habitable planets. Therefore, while public services are necessary, space research also brings long-term benefits that should not be overlooked.

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Conclusion:

To conclude, although space exploration contributes to scientific advancements, public services have a more immediate impact on people’s daily lives. In my opinion, governments should prioritize sectors like healthcare and education while maintaining a balanced investment in space research. Therefore, a well-planned allocation of resources can ensure both present and future progress.

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📌 Vocabulary for a High Band Score (7.5+)

✅ Government & Science Vocabulary:

• Public welfare programs
• Technological advancements
• Resource allocation
• National development
• Scientific innovation
• Space colonization

✅ Advanced Linkers & Phrases:

• Commencing with the argument in favor of…
• On the other hand, space exploration plays a crucial role in…
• A clear example of this is…
• Thus, investing in public services fosters…
• To conclude, although space exploration contributes to…

Some people believe that globalization has brought more benefits than drawbacks. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

 

IELTS Writing Task 2 – Globalization: More Benefits or Drawbacks?

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📝 Ideas with Explanation

✅ Arguments in Favor of Globalization (Why It Has More Benefits)

1️⃣ Economic Growth & Job Opportunities – Globalization has boosted trade and investment, creating jobs and improving living standards.
🔹 Example: Developing countries like India and China have experienced rapid economic growth due to foreign investments.

2️⃣ Cultural Exchange & Diversity – People can experience different cultures through travel, cuisine, and media, promoting mutual understanding.
🔹 Example: Western fast-food chains like McDonald's have adapted local flavors in Asian markets.

3️⃣ Technological & Scientific Advancements – Shared knowledge across countries has led to breakthroughs in healthcare, education, and infrastructure.
🔹 Example: International collaboration during the COVID-19 pandemic helped in the rapid development of vaccines.

4️⃣ Improved Access to Goods & Services – Consumers can access a variety of products at competitive prices due to global trade.
🔹 Example: Affordable smartphones and electronics are available worldwide due to globalization.

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✅ Arguments Against Globalization (Why It Has Drawbacks)

1️⃣ Loss of Cultural Identity – Traditional customs and languages are disappearing as global influences dominate.
🔹 Example: Younger generations in some countries prefer Western clothing and fast food over their native traditions.

2️⃣ Economic Exploitation & Inequality – While globalization benefits economies, multinational corporations exploit cheap labor in developing nations.
🔹 Example: Many global brands manufacture goods in low-wage factories under poor working conditions.

3️⃣ Environmental Damage – Increased industrialization and global transportation contribute to pollution and climate change.
🔹 Example: Fast fashion and mass production result in high carbon emissions and excessive waste.

4️⃣ Spread of Diseases & Economic Crises – Global travel increases the risk of pandemics and financial instability.
🔹 Example: The 2008 financial crisis spread rapidly due to interconnected global economies.

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📌 Sample Answer

Introduction (Paraphrased Using Passive Voice):

It can be observed that globalization is considered by some to have brought more advantages than disadvantages. While global integration has led to economic growth, cultural exchange, and technological advancements, others argue that it has resulted in cultural erosion and economic inequality. This essay will discuss both perspectives before presenting my opinion.

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Body Paragraph 1 – Advantages of Globalization

Commencing with the benefits, globalization has significantly contributed to economic expansion and employment generation. Countries with open economies attract foreign investments, leading to job creation and higher income levels. For example, India and China have experienced rapid development due to multinational companies establishing operations there. Moreover, cultural exchange has fostered global understanding, allowing people to experience diverse traditions through food, entertainment, and travel. Thus, globalization has played a crucial role in enhancing economic and cultural diversity worldwide.

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Body Paragraph 2 – Drawbacks of Globalization

On the other hand, globalization has also led to cultural erosion and economic disparities. The dominance of Western culture has resulted in the decline of traditional values and local customs. For instance, fast food chains and Hollywood movies have influenced younger generations, reducing interest in native traditions. Additionally, multinational corporations often exploit cheap labor in developing nations, paying workers minimal wages while making significant profits. Therefore, while globalization offers economic opportunities, it also presents challenges that need regulation.

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Conclusion:

To conclude, although globalization has contributed to economic growth, cultural exchange, and technological progress, it has also led to cultural loss and social inequality. In my opinion, the benefits outweigh the drawbacks if governments implement policies to protect cultural heritage and ensure fair labor practices. Therefore, globalization should be embraced while addressing its negative consequences responsibly.

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📌 Vocabulary for a High Band Score (7.5+)

✅ Globalization & Economy Vocabulary:

• Economic expansion
• Cultural diversity
• Foreign investments
• Technological advancements
• Multinational corporations
• Environmental degradation

✅ Advanced Linkers & Phrases:

• Commencing with the benefits, …
• On the other hand, globalization has also led to…
• A clear example of this is…
• Thus, globalization has played a crucial role in…
• To conclude, although globalization has contributed to…

Some people argue that governments should invest more in public transport rather than in road infrastructure. Do you agree or disagree?

 

IELTS Writing Task 2 – Public Transport vs. Road Infrastructure

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📝 Ideas with Explanation

✅ Arguments in Favor of Investing in Public Transport

1️⃣ Reduces Traffic Congestion – Efficient public transportation systems decrease the number of private vehicles on the road, reducing congestion.
🔹 Example: Cities like Tokyo and London have well-developed metro systems, which significantly reduce road traffic.

2️⃣ Environmental Benefits – Fewer cars on the road mean lower carbon emissions, contributing to a cleaner environment.
🔹 Example: Electric buses and metro systems in cities like Copenhagen have reduced air pollution levels.

3️⃣ Cost-Effective for Citizens – Public transportation is more affordable than owning and maintaining private vehicles, making travel accessible to all income groups.
🔹 Example: In many European countries, subsidized public transport allows low-income families to commute easily.

4️⃣ Boosts Economic Growth – An efficient transport system helps workers commute easily, increasing productivity and business growth.
🔹 Example: Cities with strong public transport networks experience higher economic activity due to improved accessibility.

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✅ Arguments in Favor of Investing in Road Infrastructure

1️⃣ Essential for Private & Commercial Vehicles – Businesses rely on roads for transportation of goods, and well-maintained roads are necessary for economic growth.
🔹 Example: Poor road conditions in developing countries slow down trade and increase transportation costs.

2️⃣ Supports Remote & Rural Areas – Many regions lack access to public transport, and road expansion is crucial for connectivity.
🔹 Example: Rural areas in India benefit from government road-building projects that link them to major cities.

3️⃣ Flexibility & Convenience – Roads allow individuals to travel at their own pace, unlike fixed public transport schedules.
🔹 Example: People who work irregular hours or live in suburban areas rely more on personal vehicles than on buses or trains.

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📌 Sample Answer

Introduction (Paraphrased Using Passive Voice):

It can be observed that increased investment in public transport is considered by some to be more beneficial than improving road infrastructure. While efficient transport systems reduce congestion and pollution, others argue that road development is equally important for economic activities and personal mobility. This essay will discuss both perspectives before presenting my opinion.

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Body Paragraph 1 – Benefits of Investing in Public Transport

Commencing with the argument in favor of public transport, a well-developed transportation system significantly reduces traffic congestion. Fewer private vehicles on the road lead to shorter travel times and improved air quality. For example, cities like London and Singapore have successfully implemented metro networks that help millions of people commute daily. Moreover, public transport is more cost-effective and environmentally friendly, as it lowers fuel consumption and carbon emissions. Thus, prioritizing public transportation improves urban mobility and contributes to sustainability.

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Body Paragraph 2 – Why Road Infrastructure Is Still Important

On the other hand, road infrastructure plays a crucial role in economic development and accessibility. Many industries depend on roads for the transportation of goods and services. For instance, highways connecting different regions enhance trade and business operations. Additionally, rural areas with limited access to public transport rely heavily on well-maintained roads for daily commuting. Therefore, while public transport is beneficial in cities, road development remains essential for economic growth and regional connectivity.

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Conclusion:

To conclude, although investing in public transport reduces congestion and benefits the environment, improving road infrastructure is equally important for economic and regional development. In my opinion, a balanced approach, where governments allocate funds for both efficient public transport and road maintenance, would be the most effective solution. Therefore, prioritizing transport policies based on urban and rural needs can lead to long-term development.

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📌 Vocabulary for a High Band Score 

✅ Transport & Infrastructure Vocabulary:

• Urban mobility
• Traffic congestion
• Public transit networks
• Carbon emissions
• Infrastructure investment
• Regional connectivity

✅ Advanced Linkers & Phrases:

• Commencing with the argument in favor of…
• On the other hand, road infrastructure plays a crucial role in…
• A clear example of this is…
• Thus, prioritizing public transportation improves…
• To conclude, although investing in public transport reduces congestion…

Some people believe that harsher punishments are the best way to reduce crime. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

 

IELTS Writing Task 2 – Harsher Punishments to Reduce Crime

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📝 Ideas with Explanation

✅ Arguments in Favor of Harsher Punishments (Why It Is Effective)

1️⃣ Acts as a Strong Deterrent – Strict punishments instill fear, discouraging potential criminals from engaging in illegal activities.
🔹 Example: Countries with the death penalty for serious crimes, such as Singapore, have lower crime rates compared to nations with lenient laws.

2️⃣ Ensures Justice for Victims – Severe punishments reinforce the idea that justice is served, giving victims and their families a sense of closure.
🔹 Example: Life imprisonment for murder cases ensures that dangerous criminals do not threaten society again.

3️⃣ Reduces Repeat Offenses – Criminals who face long-term imprisonment or strict penalties are less likely to re-offend.
🔹 Example: Studies show that offenders sentenced to harsher punishments have lower chances of committing crimes again.

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✅ Arguments Against Harsher Punishments (Why It Is Not the Best Solution)

1️⃣ Does Not Address the Root Causes of Crime – Poverty, lack of education, and unemployment contribute to criminal behavior, and punishment alone does not solve these issues.
🔹 Example: Scandinavian countries focus on rehabilitation rather than harsh punishments, resulting in lower crime rates.

2️⃣ Risk of Wrongful Convictions – Strict laws may lead to unjust punishments, especially in cases where innocent individuals are wrongly accused.
🔹 Example: Some cases in the U.S. have seen prisoners released after years of imprisonment due to new evidence proving their innocence.

3️⃣ Rehabilitation is More Effective – Instead of punishment, offering educational and employment opportunities to offenders can help them reintegrate into society.
🔹 Example: Norway’s prison system focuses on rehabilitation, and it has one of the lowest re-offending rates in the world.

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📌 Sample Answer

Introduction (Paraphrased Using Passive Voice):

It can be observed that stricter punishments are considered by some to be the most effective method of reducing crime. While harsh penalties may serve as a deterrent, others argue that addressing the root causes of criminal behavior is a better long-term solution. This essay will discuss both perspectives before presenting my opinion.

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Body Paragraph 1 – Harsher Punishments as a Crime Deterrent

Commencing with the argument in favor of severe punishments, imposing strict legal consequences creates fear among potential criminals. When individuals realize that crimes such as robbery or murder could lead to long-term imprisonment or even capital punishment, they may think twice before engaging in illegal activities. For example, countries with strict laws, such as Singapore, have significantly lower crime rates compared to nations with lenient judicial systems. Moreover, harsher penalties ensure justice for victims and reduce the likelihood of repeat offenses. Thus, implementing strict punishments can play a crucial role in maintaining law and order.

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Body Paragraph 2 – Why Harsh Punishments Alone Are Not Enough

On the other hand, focusing solely on punishment does not address the underlying causes of crime. Many offenses stem from social issues such as poverty, unemployment, and lack of education. For instance, Scandinavian countries have successfully reduced crime rates by focusing on rehabilitation programs rather than extreme punishments. Additionally, strict laws increase the risk of wrongful convictions, potentially punishing innocent individuals. Therefore, a balanced approach that combines fair legal consequences with social reforms is more effective in the long run.

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Conclusion:

To conclude, while harsher punishments can deter criminals and reinforce justice, they do not address the root causes of crime. In my opinion, governments should implement a combination of strict laws and rehabilitation programs to ensure long-term crime reduction. Therefore, focusing on both punishment and preventive measures is the key to a safer society.

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📌 Vocabulary for a High Band Score 

✅ Crime & Punishment Vocabulary:

• Legal consequences
• Capital punishment
• Deterrent effect
• Judicial system
• Rehabilitation programs
• Law enforcement

✅ Advanced Linkers & Phrases:

• Commencing with the argument in favor of…
• On the other hand, focusing solely on punishment does not…
• A clear example of this is…
• Thus, implementing strict punishments can…
• To conclude, while harsher punishments can deter criminals…

Some people believe that traditional customs should be preserved, while others think that modernization is more important. Discuss both views and give your opinion.

 

IELTS Writing Task 2 – Traditional Customs vs. Modernization

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📝 Ideas with Explanation

✅ Arguments in Favor of Preserving Traditional Customs

1️⃣ Maintains Cultural Identity & Heritage – Traditional customs represent a country’s history and identity, fostering a sense of belonging.
🔹 Example: Festivals like Diwali in India and Chinese New Year preserve cultural values and unite communities.

2️⃣ Promotes Moral & Ethical Values – Many traditions teach discipline, respect, and social harmony, which help in maintaining a stable society.
🔹 Example: Traditional family values in Asian cultures emphasize respect for elders and strong family bonds.

3️⃣ Boosts Tourism & Economic Benefits – Traditional practices attract visitors, contributing to the economy and job creation.
🔹 Example: Tourists visit Japan to experience ancient tea ceremonies and traditional geisha performances.

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✅ Arguments in Favor of Modernization

1️⃣ Encourages Economic & Technological Growth – Modernization fosters innovation, leading to better infrastructure, education, and healthcare.
🔹 Example: The rise of digital banking and smart cities has improved convenience and efficiency worldwide.

2️⃣ Promotes Gender Equality & Social Change – Some traditions may restrict personal freedom, and modernization helps in breaking outdated norms.
🔹 Example: Many societies have modernized their views on gender roles, providing women with equal opportunities in education and employment.

3️⃣ Enhances Global Integration & Progress – Modernization allows societies to adapt to global trends and become more competitive.
🔹 Example: Countries that embrace technological advancements, such as South Korea, have experienced rapid economic development.

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📌 Sample Answer

Introduction (Paraphrased Using Passive Voice):

It can be observed that preserving traditional customs is considered by some to be essential for maintaining cultural heritage, while others argue that modernization should take priority for societal progress. Both perspectives offer significant advantages, and this essay will discuss them before presenting my opinion.

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Body Paragraph 1 – Importance of Preserving Traditions

Commencing with the reasons why traditional customs should be preserved, cultural heritage plays a vital role in shaping a nation’s identity and social values. Many traditions, such as festivals, rituals, and art forms, help people connect with their roots and foster unity among generations. For instance, celebrations like Thanksgiving in the United States or Holi in India strengthen family and community bonds. Moreover, cultural tourism provides economic benefits, as visitors travel to experience authentic traditions. Thus, maintaining cultural customs is crucial for both social and economic reasons.

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Body Paragraph 2 – Importance of Modernization

On the other hand, modernization is necessary for societal progress, as it leads to advancements in technology, education, and healthcare. Industrialization and digital transformation have significantly improved the standard of living by providing access to modern amenities. For example, modern medical innovations have increased life expectancy and reduced mortality rates. Additionally, modernization promotes gender equality and individual freedom by challenging outdated traditions that may be restrictive. Therefore, while cultural heritage is important, embracing modernization ensures long-term societal development.

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Conclusion:

To conclude, although preserving traditional customs maintains cultural identity and boosts tourism, modernization plays a more significant role in driving economic growth, equality, and technological progress. In my opinion, a balanced approach is ideal, where cultural traditions are respected while societies adapt to modernization for overall prosperity. Therefore, striking a harmony between the past and the future is the key to sustainable progress.

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📌 Vocabulary for a High Band Score (7.5+)

✅ Culture & Modernization Vocabulary:

• Cultural heritage & identity
• Global integration
• Technological advancements
• Traditional rituals & practices
• Societal progress
• Economic transformation

✅ Advanced Linkers & Phrases:

• Commencing with the reasons why…
• On the other hand, modernization is necessary for…
• A clear example of this is…
• Thus, maintaining cultural customs is crucial…
• To conclude, although preserving traditions maintains cultural identity…

Some people believe that a healthy diet is the most important factor in maintaining good health, while others think regular exercise is more essential. Discuss both views and give your opinion.

 

IELTS Writing Task 2 – Diet vs. Exercise for Good Health

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📝 Ideas with Explanation

✅ Arguments in Favor of a Healthy Diet (Why Diet Is More Important)

1️⃣ Nutritional Intake Supports Bodily Functions – A well-balanced diet provides essential nutrients, vitamins, and minerals needed for energy, immunity, and organ function.
🔹 Example: A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and lean proteins helps prevent deficiencies and chronic diseases like diabetes and heart disease.

2️⃣ Weight Management & Disease Prevention – A poor diet contributes to obesity, high cholesterol, and other health issues. Eating healthy prevents these conditions.
🔹 Example: Studies show that individuals who consume excessive junk food are more likely to develop high blood pressure and cardiovascular diseases.

3️⃣ Food Directly Affects Mental Well-Being – Nutrients like omega-3 fatty acids, found in fish, are known to enhance brain function and reduce stress.
🔹 Example: Research suggests that a Mediterranean diet lowers the risk of depression and anxiety.

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✅ Arguments in Favor of Exercise (Why Exercise Is More Important)

1️⃣ Improves Cardiovascular & Muscular Health – Physical activity strengthens the heart, increases lung capacity, and enhances muscle tone.
🔹 Example: Regular exercise reduces the risk of stroke and high blood pressure.

2️⃣ Boosts Metabolism & Aids Weight Loss – Exercise helps burn calories and maintain a healthy weight, even if dietary habits are not perfect.
🔹 Example: A study found that individuals who engage in 30 minutes of daily exercise are 50% less likely to become obese.

3️⃣ Enhances Mental Health & Reduces Stress – Physical activity releases endorphins, which improve mood and combat anxiety.
🔹 Example: Many doctors recommend exercise to patients suffering from depression as it naturally boosts serotonin levels.

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📌 Sample Answer

Introduction (Paraphrased Using Passive Voice):

It can be observed that maintaining good health is considered by some to be primarily dependent on a nutritious diet, while others argue that regular physical exercise plays a more significant role. While both aspects contribute to overall well-being, this essay will examine both perspectives before presenting my opinion.

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Body Paragraph 1 – Importance of a Healthy Diet

Commencing with the argument that diet is the most essential factor, maintaining a balanced nutritional intake ensures that the body functions optimally. A diet rich in essential nutrients such as vitamins, proteins, and fiber boosts immunity and prevents various diseases. For example, individuals who consume high amounts of processed foods are more prone to obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, diet directly impacts mental health, as deficiencies in certain nutrients can lead to mood disorders. Thus, maintaining a healthy diet is a fundamental component of overall well-being.

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Body Paragraph 2 – Importance of Regular Exercise

On the other hand, many argue that physical activity is even more vital for good health, as it strengthens muscles, improves cardiovascular function, and regulates metabolism. For instance, engaging in aerobic exercises such as running or swimming enhances heart health and reduces the risk of chronic diseases. Additionally, exercise plays a significant role in maintaining mental well-being by releasing endorphins, which combat stress and depression. Therefore, while diet is essential, regular physical activity ensures long-term fitness and overall health.

---

Conclusion:

To conclude, although both diet and exercise are crucial for maintaining a healthy lifestyle, I believe that a balanced approach combining both factors is the most effective. In my opinion, while proper nutrition provides the necessary fuel for the body, regular exercise ensures that it functions efficiently. Therefore, a combination of healthy eating habits and consistent physical activity is the key to achieving overall well-being.

---

📌 Vocabulary for a High Band Score (7.5+)

✅ Health & Fitness Vocabulary:

• Nutritional intake
• Metabolism regulation
• Cardiovascular fitness
• Chronic diseases
• Processed foods
• Endorphin release

✅ Advanced Linkers & Phrases:

• Commencing with the argument that…
• On the other hand, many argue that…
• A clear example of this is…
• Thus, maintaining a healthy diet is…
• To conclude, although both diet and exercise are crucial…

Some people believe that working from home benefits employees, while others think it reduces productivity. Discuss both views and give your opinion. | PAST EXAM IELTS WRITING TASK 2 TOPIC

 

IELTS Writing Task 2 – Working from Home: Productivity vs. Employee Benefits

---

📝 Ideas with Explanation

✅ Arguments in Favor of Working from Home (Benefits for Employees)

1️⃣ Improved Work-Life Balance – Employees have greater flexibility to manage personal and professional responsibilities, reducing stress.
🔹 Example: Remote workers can schedule tasks according to their convenience, improving overall well-being.

2️⃣ Cost and Time Savings – Eliminates commuting time and expenses, allowing employees to focus more on work.
🔹 Example: Studies show that employees save up to 10 hours per week by avoiding travel.

3️⃣ Increased Job Satisfaction & Retention – Employees who work remotely often feel more valued and motivated, leading to higher job satisfaction.
🔹 Example: Companies with remote work policies report lower turnover rates.

4️⃣ Environmental Benefits – Fewer people commuting results in lower carbon emissions, contributing to environmental conservation.
🔹 Example: During COVID-19 lockdowns, pollution levels dropped significantly due to reduced transportation.

---

✅ Arguments Against Working from Home (Why It Reduces Productivity)

1️⃣ Lack of Supervision & Accountability – Some employees may struggle with self-discipline, leading to decreased efficiency.
🔹 Example: A study found that some remote workers spend excessive time on non-work-related activities.

2️⃣ Reduced Team Collaboration – Limited face-to-face interaction can hinder communication and teamwork.
🔹 Example: Brainstorming sessions and project coordination are often more effective in person.

3️⃣ Distractions at Home – Family responsibilities, household chores, and lack of a dedicated workspace can affect focus.
🔹 Example: Parents working remotely may struggle to balance childcare and office tasks.

4️⃣ Security and Data Privacy Concerns – Remote work increases cybersecurity risks, as employees access company data from personal networks.
🔹 Example: A rise in cyberattacks targeting remote employees has been reported in recent years.

---

📌 Sample Answer

Introduction (Paraphrased Using Passive Voice):

It can be observed that remote work is considered by some to be beneficial for employees, as it enhances flexibility and job satisfaction. However, others argue that it negatively impacts productivity due to distractions and reduced supervision. This essay will discuss both perspectives before presenting my opinion.

---

Body Paragraph 1 – Advantages of Working from Home

Commencing with the benefits of remote work, one major advantage is improved work-life balance. Employees have the flexibility to manage their schedules, reducing stress and increasing job satisfaction. For instance, remote workers report higher well-being compared to those who commute daily. Moreover, working from home eliminates travel costs and commuting time, allowing employees to dedicate more hours to productive tasks. Thus, remote work offers financial and personal benefits that enhance overall job performance.

---

Body Paragraph 2 – Disadvantages of Working from Home

On the other hand, working from home also presents challenges, particularly in maintaining productivity. Without direct supervision, some employees may struggle with self-discipline, leading to inefficiency. For example,  some remote workers spend excessive time on social media instead of completing assignments. Additionally, lack of physical interaction can weaken teamwork and slow decision-making processes. Therefore, despite its flexibility, remote work may not be suitable for all industries or individuals.

---

Conclusion:

To conclude, while remote work provides employees with flexibility, cost savings, and environmental benefits, it also has drawbacks such as reduced supervision and communication barriers. In my opinion, the effectiveness of remote work depends on individual work habits and job nature. Therefore, a hybrid model, combining both remote and office work, would be the most effective approach to maximize productivity and employee well-being.

---

📌 Vocabulary for a High Band Score (7.5+)

✅ Work & Productivity Vocabulary:

• Flexible work arrangements
• Work-life balance
• Job retention & satisfaction
• Productivity levels
• Remote collaboration
• Digital communication tools

✅ Advanced Linkers & Phrases:

• Commencing with the benefits of remote work, …
• On the other hand, working from home also presents challenges…
• A clear example of this is…
• Thus, remote work offers financial and personal benefits…
• To conclude, while remote work provides…

PAST EXAM IELTS READING ANSWERS

 PAST EXAM IELTS READING ANSWERS 


The Mysteries of Water
1. i
2. vi
3. iii
4. viii
5. v
6. NO
7. YES
8. NOT GIVEN
9. NO
10. NO
11. YES
12. YES
13. NOT GIVEN 




Vehicle Safety Systems
ANSWER
14. Europe
15. windscreen
16. (the) bonnet
17. giant airbag
18. (the) windscreen
19. Z-shaped
20. (a) colossal incentive
21. C
22. A
23. E
24. D
25. B
26. C
27. B
28. A


The Harmony of Food and Drink
29. C
30. A
31. E
32. B
33. G
34. D
35. pleasure
36. Sheep
37. Green Revolution
38. Organic farming
39. obesity/overweight
40. (a) virus


PASSAGE 1 

Bamboo, A Wonder Plant 2

 

1.  B

2.  E

3.  D

4.  A

5.  B

6.  D

7.  C

8.  B

9.  A

10.   B

11.   D

12.   Soil erosion

13.   paper

Coral reefs

1. A

2. C

3. C

4. D

5. E

6. D

7. TRUE

8. TRUE

9. NOT GIVEN

10. NOT GIVEN

11. TRUE

12. NOT GIVEN

13. C

Movie of Metropolis

PASSAGE 

27.  YES

28.  NOT GIVEN

29.  NO

30.  NOT GIVEN

31.  social division

32.  machines

33.  John Frederse

34.  abstract

35.  function

36.  efficiency

37.  C

38.  A

39.  B

40.  D

The Green Revolution in China


 1. YES
 2. NO
3. NOT GIVEN
4. YES
5. NOT GIVEN
6. YES 7. YES
8. carbon dioxide
9. NGO
10. Renewable Energy Law
11. solar, wind, biomass
12. technology
13. The Climate Group



The Efficacy of Hypnotherapy

14. C
15. B
16. A
17. psychological effects
18. IBS
19. Cochrane Collaboration
20. expensive studies
21. therapists themselves
22. 91
23. Peter Whorwell
24. C
25. D
26. B
27. A
28. C

The Well-being Life

29. vii
30. viii
31. i
32. v
33. iv
34. iii
35. NO
36. YES
37. NO
38. NO
39. NO
40. NOT GIVEN


 

Some people believe that the development of artificial intelligence (AI) will bring more benefits than drawbacks. To what extent do you agree or disagree? | PAST EXAM IELTS WRITING TASK 2

 

IELTS Writing Task 2 – Artificial Intelligence: More Benefits or Drawbacks?

 

📝 Ideas with Explanation

✅ Arguments in Favor of AI (Why It Brings More Benefits)

1️⃣ Increases Efficiency & Productivity – AI-powered automation reduces human error and speeds up repetitive tasks.
🔹 Example: AI in manufacturing improves efficiency by handling repetitive tasks with precision.

2️⃣ Advancements in Healthcare – AI assists in diagnosing diseases, analyzing medical data, and improving treatments.
🔹 Example: AI-powered tools like IBM Watson help doctors detect diseases such as cancer at an early stage.

3️⃣ Enhances Personal & Business Services – AI chatbots, recommendation systems, and smart assistants make life easier.
🔹 Example: AI-based customer support reduces response time and improves service quality.

4️⃣ Contributes to Scientific & Technological Growth – AI accelerates research in various fields such as space exploration and environmental protection.
🔹 Example: NASA uses AI to analyze space data and make accurate predictions about planetary conditions.

---

✅ Arguments Against AI (Why It Has More Drawbacks)

1️⃣ Job Losses & Economic Disruptions – AI replaces human labor, leading to unemployment in sectors such as manufacturing and customer service.
🔹 Example: Automated robots in factories have reduced the demand for human workers.

2️⃣ Ethical & Privacy Concerns – AI-powered surveillance and data collection raise privacy issues and can be misused.
🔹 Example: Facial recognition technology is criticized for invading personal privacy.

3️⃣ Dependence on AI & Reduced Human Creativity – Over-reliance on AI may decrease human innovation and problem-solving skills.
🔹 Example: AI-generated content may discourage creative thinking in fields like art and writing.

4️⃣ Risk of Malfunction & Security Threats – AI systems can be hacked or malfunction, leading to serious consequences.
🔹 Example: Autonomous vehicles have experienced software failures, causing accidents.

---

📌 Sample Answer

Introduction (Paraphrased Using Passive Voice):

It can be observed that the rise of artificial intelligence is considered by some to be more beneficial than harmful. While AI has significantly improved efficiency, healthcare, and scientific progress, others argue that it leads to job losses and ethical concerns. This essay will explore both perspectives before presenting my opinion.

---

Body Paragraph 1 – Benefits of AI

Commencing with the advantages, artificial intelligence has revolutionized industries by increasing efficiency and accuracy. AI-powered automation eliminates human errors and speeds up repetitive tasks. For example, AI-driven robots in automobile factories enhance production speed and minimize defects. Moreover, AI has transformed healthcare by improving diagnostics and treatment planning. A clear example of this is IBM Watson, which helps doctors detect life-threatening diseases at an early stage. Thus, AI plays a vital role in boosting productivity and advancing medical science.

---

Body Paragraph 2 – Drawbacks of AI

On the other hand, AI is not without its disadvantages, particularly regarding employment and ethical concerns. As automation replaces human labor, many workers may lose their jobs, leading to economic instability. For instance, self-checkout machines in supermarkets have reduced the need for cashiers, increasing unemployment. Additionally, AI-based surveillance and data collection raise serious privacy concerns, as sensitive information can be misused. Therefore, while AI brings efficiency, it also introduces social and economic challenges that must be carefully addressed.

---

Conclusion:

To conclude, while artificial intelligence enhances productivity, healthcare, and research, it also poses risks such as job displacement and ethical dilemmas. In my opinion, the benefits of AI outweigh its drawbacks if governments and industries implement regulations to ensure ethical AI use and support displaced workers. Therefore, AI should be embraced responsibly to maximize its potential without harming society.

---

📌 Vocabulary for a High Band Score (7.5+)

✅ AI & Technology Vocabulary:

• Automation & efficiency
• Data-driven decision-making
• Machine learning algorithms
• Ethical implications
• Artificial intelligence-powered systems
• Smart assistants

✅ Advanced Linkers & Phrases:

• Commencing with the advantages, …
• On the other hand, AI is not without its disadvantages…
• A clear example of this is…
• Thus, AI plays a vital role in…
• To conclude, while artificial intelligence enhances…

Some people think that banning plastic is the best solution to environmental problems. To what extent do you agree or disagree? | PAST EXAM IELTS WRITING TASK 2

 

IELTS Writing Task 2 – Banning Plastic for Environmental Protection

📝 Ideas with Explanation

✅ Arguments in Favor of Banning Plastic (Why It Is the Best Solution)

1️⃣ Reduces Land and Water Pollution – Plastic waste takes hundreds of years to decompose and pollutes the environment.
🔹 Example: Millions of marine animals die each year due to plastic pollution in oceans.

2️⃣ Minimizes Health Hazards – Microplastics enter the food chain, causing severe health risks to humans and animals.
🔹 Example: Research has found that plastic particles are present in drinking water and even human blood.

3️⃣ Encourages Sustainable Alternatives – A ban on plastic forces industries to develop eco-friendly packaging, reducing environmental damage.
🔹 Example: Many countries have switched to biodegradable packaging, reducing waste.

---

✅ Arguments Against Banning Plastic (Why It May Not Be the Best Solution)

1️⃣ Practical Challenges & Economic Impact – Plastic is widely used in various industries, and an outright ban could affect businesses and jobs.
🔹 Example: The packaging and medical industries rely heavily on plastic materials.

2️⃣ Lack of Affordable Alternatives – Biodegradable substitutes are not yet cost-effective, making it difficult for businesses and consumers to transition.
🔹 Example: Paper and cloth bags are more expensive to produce than plastic bags.

3️⃣ Need for Better Waste Management Instead of a Ban – Instead of banning plastic, governments could invest in recycling programs and stricter regulations.
🔹 Example: Countries with efficient recycling systems, such as Germany, manage plastic waste effectively.

---

📌 Sample Answer

Introduction (Paraphrased Using Passive Voice):

It can be observed that banning plastic is considered by some to be the most effective solution to environmental problems. While plastic waste significantly contributes to pollution, others argue that alternative measures such as improved waste management and recycling could be more practical. This essay will discuss both perspectives before presenting my opinion.

---

Body Paragraph 1 – Why Banning Plastic Is an Effective Solution

Commencing with the reasons why plastic should be banned, one of the major benefits is the reduction of pollution. Plastic waste does not decompose easily and remains in landfills, rivers, and oceans for centuries, harming ecosystems. For example,  over one million marine animals die annually due to plastic pollution in the oceans. Moreover, banning plastic can help prevent serious health risks caused by microplastics entering the food chain. Thus, eliminating plastic use can significantly contribute to environmental protection.

---

Body Paragraph 2 – Why a Ban May Not Be the Best Solution

On the other hand, banning plastic entirely may not be practical due to economic and logistical challenges. Many industries, including packaging and healthcare, rely on plastic for essential operations. For instance, medical supplies such as syringes and IV bags are made of plastic and cannot be easily replaced. Additionally, rather than imposing a ban, governments could focus on promoting recycling programs and sustainable waste management strategies. A clear example of this is Germany, where advanced recycling systems have successfully reduced plastic waste without banning it. Therefore, improving waste management could be a more viable alternative to a complete ban.

---

Conclusion:

To conclude, although banning plastic can significantly reduce pollution and health hazards, it may not be the most feasible solution due to economic and industrial challenges. In my opinion, a combination of policies, including stricter recycling regulations and the development of sustainable alternatives, would be a more balanced approach to tackling environmental issues.

---

📌 Vocabulary for a High Band Score 

✅ Environmental Vocabulary:

• Land and water pollution
• Biodegradable alternatives
• Sustainable waste management
• Microplastic contamination
• Ecological impact
• Renewable substitutes

✅ Advanced Linkers & Phrases:

• Commencing with the reasons why…
• On the other hand, banning plastic entirely may not be practical…
• A clear example of this is…
• Thus, eliminating plastic use can significantly contribute to…
• To conclude, although banning plastic can…

---

Some people think that schools should focus more on teaching practical skills rather than theoretical subjects. To what extent do you agree or disagree? | Past exam ielts writing task 2

 

IELTS Writing Task 2 – Practical Skills vs. Theoretical Subjects

📝 Ideas with Explanation

✅ Arguments in Favor of Focusing on Practical Skills:

1️⃣ Better Career Preparation – Practical skills such as problem-solving, communication, and teamwork are essential in the workplace. Many jobs require hands-on experience rather than theoretical knowledge.
🔹 Example: Vocational training in fields like plumbing, carpentry, and coding ensures that students are job-ready immediately after graduation.

2️⃣ Increased Engagement & Creativity – Hands-on learning methods such as projects and experiments make education more engaging and improve critical thinking skills.
🔹 Example: Science students who conduct lab experiments understand concepts better than those who only read about them.

3️⃣ Bridging the Skills Gap – Many industries complain that graduates lack real-world skills. Incorporating practical training ensures that students develop relevant expertise.
🔹 Example: Business students learning negotiation and marketing strategies through simulations will be more prepared for the corporate world.

---

✅ Arguments in Favor of Theoretical Subjects:

1️⃣ Foundation for Advanced Learning – Theoretical knowledge is essential for building a strong foundation in complex subjects such as medicine, law, and engineering.
🔹 Example: A doctor must first study human anatomy and medical theories before performing surgeries.

2️⃣ Critical Thinking & Research Skills – Theoretical education enhances analytical thinking, which is necessary for innovation and scientific advancements.
🔹 Example: Scientists rely on theoretical knowledge to develop new medicines or technology.

3️⃣ Balancing Both Approaches – The best approach is a combination of both practical and theoretical learning to produce well-rounded students.
🔹 Example: Engineering students should study physics theories and apply them through hands-on projects.

---

📌 Sample Answer

Introduction (Paraphrased Using Passive Voice):

It can be observed that there is an ongoing debate regarding whether schools should prioritize teaching practical skills over theoretical subjects. While some argue that practical knowledge is essential for career readiness, others believe that theoretical education lays the foundation for critical thinking and academic growth. This essay will discuss both perspectives before presenting my opinion.

---

Body Paragraph 1 – Importance of Practical Skills

Commencing with the argument in favor of practical learning, one major advantage is that it prepares students for real-world careers. Many jobs require hands-on experience rather than just academic knowledge. For example, vocational training in fields such as information technology and engineering equips students with the skills needed to secure employment immediately after graduation. Moreover, practical learning methods such as workshops, internships, and simulations enhance creativity and engagement among students, making education more effective. Thus, incorporating practical training into school curricula ensures that students are well-prepared for future careers.

---

Body Paragraph 2 – Importance of Theoretical Subjects

On the other hand, theoretical education is equally crucial, as it provides students with the foundational knowledge required for specialized fields. Professions such as medicine, law, and science rely heavily on theoretical understanding before practical application. For instance, a doctor must first study human anatomy and medical theories before performing surgeries. Additionally, theoretical learning enhances research and analytical skills, which are necessary for innovation and technological advancements. Therefore, a balanced approach that combines both practical and theoretical learning is the most effective way to educate students.

---

Conclusion:

To conclude, while practical skills are essential for career readiness, theoretical subjects provide the foundation for specialized knowledge and intellectual development. In my opinion, schools should adopt a blended approach, integrating both theoretical and practical education to ensure students are fully equipped for future challenges.

---

📌 Vocabulary for a High Band Score (7.5+)

✅ Education-Related Vocabulary:

• Hands-on learning
• Vocational training
• Theoretical foundation
• Critical thinking skills
• Academic growth
• Career readiness
• Practical application

✅ Advanced Linkers & Phrases:

• Commencing with the argument in favor of…
• On the other hand, …
• Thus, incorporating… ensures that…
• A balanced approach that combines both…
• To conclude, while… it is essential that…

Caral: an ancient South American city | Actual exam ielts reading pdfs |

READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1

on pages 2 and 3.

Caral: an ancient South American city

Huge earth and rock mounds rise out of the desert of the Supe Valley near the coast of Peru in
South America. These immense mounds appear simply to be part of the geographical landscape
in this arid region squeezed between the Pacific Ocean and the Andes mountains. But looks
deceive. These are actually human-made pyramids. Strong evidence indicates they are the
remains of a city known as Caral that flourished nearly 5,000 years ago. If true, it would be the
oldest known urban center in the Americas and among the most ancient in the world.

Research undertaken by Peruvian archaeologist Ruth Shady suggests that the 150-acre complex
of pyramids, plazas and residential buildings was a thriving metropolis when Egypt's great
pyramids were still being built. Though discovered in 1905, for years Caral attracted little
attention, largely because archaeologists believed the structures were fairly recent. But the
monumental scale of the pyramids had long interested Shady, who began excavations at the
site in 1996, about 22 kilometers from the coast and 190 kilometers north of Peru's capital city
of Lima.

Shady and her crew searched for broken remains of the puts and containers that most such
sites contain. Not finding any only made her more excited; it meant Caral could be what
archaeologists term pre-ceramic, that is, existing before the advent in the area of pot-firing
techniques. Shady's team undertook the task of excavating Piramide Mayor, the largest of the
pyramids. After carefully clearing away many hundreds of years' worth of rubble and sand, they
identified staircases, walls covered with remnants of colored plaster, and brickwork. In the
foundations, they found the remains of grass-like reeds woven into bags. The original workers,
she surmised, must have filled these bags with stones from a nearby quarry and laid them atop
one another inside retaining walls, gradually giving rise to the pyramid's immense structure.
Shady had samples of the reeds subjected to radiocarbon dating and found that the reeds were
4,600 years old. This evidence indicated that Caral was, in fact, more than 1,000 years older
than what had previously been thought to be the oldest urban center in the Americas.

What amazed archaeologists was not just the age, but the complexity and scope of Caral.
Piramide Mayor alone covers an area nearly the size of four football fields and is 18 meters tall.
A nine-meter-wide staircase rises from a circular plaza at the foot of the pyramid, passing over
three terraced levels until it reaches the top. Thousands of manual laborers would have been
needed to build such a project, not counting the many architects, craftsmen, and managers.
Shady's team found the remains of a large amphitheater, containing almost 70 musical
instruments made of bird and deer bones. Clearly, music played an important role in Caral's
society. Around the perimeter of Caral are a series of smaller mounds and various buildings.
These indicate a hierarchy of living arrangements: large, well-kept rooms atop pyramids for the
elite, ground-level quarters for craftsmen, and shabbier outlying dwellings for workers.

But why had Caral been built in the first place? Her excavations convinced Shady that Caral
once served as a trade center for the region, which extends from the rainforests of the Amazon
to the high forests of the Andes. Shady found evidence of a rich trading environment, including
seeds of the cocoa bush and necklaces of shells, neither of which was native to the immediate
Caral area. This environment gave rise to people who did not take part in the production of
food, allowing them to become priests and planners, builders and designers. Thus occupational
specialization, elemental to an urban society, emerged.

But what sustained such a trading center and drew travelers to it? Was it food? Shady and her
team found the bones of small edible fish, which must have come from the Pacific coast to the
west, in the excavations. But they also found evidence of squash, sweet potatoes and beans
having been grown locally. Shady theorized that Caral's early farmers diverted the area's rivers
into canals, which still cross the Supe Valley today, to irrigate their fields. But because she
found no traces of maize, which can be traded or stored and used in times of crop failure, she
concluded that Caral's trade leverage was not based on stockpiling food supplies.


It was evidence of another crop in the excavations that gave Shady the best clue to Caral's
success. In nearly every excavated building, her team discovered evidence of cotton seeds,
fibers and textiles. Her theory fell into place when a large fishing net made of those fibers,
unearthed in an unrelated dig on Peru's coast, turned out to be as old as Caral. 'The farmers of
Caral grew the cotton that the fishermen needed to make their nets,' Shady speculates. 'And
the fishermen gave them shellfish and dried fish in exchange for these nets.' In essence, the
people of Caral enabled fishermen to work with larger and more effective nets, which made the
resources of the sea more readily available, and the fishermen probably used dried squash
grown by the Caral people as flotation devices for their nets.

Questions 1 - 6

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?

In boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1 Caral was built at the same time as the construction of the Egyptian pyramids.

2 The absence of pottery at the archaeological dig gave Shady a significant clue to the age

of the site.

3 The stones used to build Piramide Mayor came from a location far away.

4 The huge and complicated structures of Piramide Mayor suggest that its construction

required an organised team of builders.

5 Archaeological evidence shows that the residents of Caral were highly skilled musicians.

6 The remains of housing areas at Caral suggest that there were no class distinctions in

residential areas.

Questions 7 - 13

Complete the notes below.

Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 7-13 on your answer sheet.

                                        Caral as a trading centre

Items discovered at Caral but not naturally occurring in the area

􀁸 the 7 ……………………. of a certain plant

􀁸 8 ……………………. used to make jewellery

􀁸 the remains of certain food such as 9 …………………….

Clues to farming around Caral

􀁸 10 ……………………. still in existence today indicate water diverted from rivers

􀁸 no evidence that 11 ……………………. was grown

Evidence of relationship with fishing communities

􀁸 the excavation findings and fishing nets found on the coast suggest Caral farmers

traded 12 …………………….

􀁸 dried squash may have been used to aid 13 ……………………. of fishing nets

Questions 1-6: True/False/Not Given

1. Caral was built at the same time as the construction of the Egyptian pyramids.

   Answer: False

   Explanation: The passage states that Caral "flourished nearly 5,000 years ago" and was "a thriving metropolis when Egypt's great pyramids were still being built." This indicates that Caral existed during the same period but not necessarily that it was built simultaneously with the Egyptian pyramids.

2. The absence of pottery at the archaeological dig gave Shady a significant clue to the age of the site.

   Answer: True

   Explanation: The text mentions that Shady and her team did not find broken remains of pots and containers, which made her more excited as it suggested Caral could be "pre-ceramic," existing before pot-firing techniques were developed in the area.

3. The stones used to build Piramide Mayor came from a location far away.

   Answer: False

   Explanation: The passage indicates that workers filled bags with stones "from a nearby quarry," implying the stones were sourced locally.

4. The huge and complicated structures of Piramide Mayor suggest that its construction required an organised team of builders.

   Answer: True

   Explanation: The text notes that "thousands of manual laborers would have been needed to build such a project, not counting the many architects, craftsmen, and managers," indicating organized teamwork was essential.

5. Archaeological evidence shows that the residents of Caral were highly skilled musicians.

   Answer: Not Given

   Explanation: While the passage mentions the discovery of musical instruments, it does not provide information about the skill level of the musicians.

6. The remains of housing areas at Caral suggest that there were no class distinctions in residential areas.

   Answer: False

   Explanation: The text describes a hierarchy in living arrangements, with "large, well-kept rooms atop pyramids for the elite," and "shabbier outlying dwellings for workers," indicating clear class distinctions.

Questions 7-13: Note Completion

Caral as a trading centre

Items discovered at Caral but not naturally occurring in the area:

7. the seeds of a certain plant

   Answer: seeds

   Explanation: The passage mentions "seeds of the cocoa bush" were found, which were not native to the immediate Caral area.

8. used to make jewellery

   Answer: shells

   Explanation: "Necklaces of shells" were discovered, indicating items used for jewelry.

9. the remains of certain food such as

   Answer: fish

   Explanation: The text notes the finding of "bones of small edible fish," suggesting the consumption of fish.

Clues to farming around Caral:

10. still in existence today indicate water diverted from rivers

    Answer: canals

    Explanation: Shady theorized that farmers diverted rivers into "canals, which still cross the Supe Valley today."

11. no evidence that was grown

    Answer: maize

    Explanation: The passage states, "she found no traces of maize," indicating it was not grown.

Evidence of relationship with fishing communities:

12. the excavation findings and fishing nets found on the coast suggest Caral farmers traded

    Answer: cotton

    Explanation: Evidence of "cotton seeds, fibers and textiles" suggests that Caral farmers grew cotton, which was likely traded with fishermen.

13. dried squash may have been used to aid of fishing nets

    Answer: flotation

    Explanation: The text mentions that "dried squash grown by the Caral people" was probably used as "flotation devices for their nets."